Najlaa Abdullah Dawood

Abstract: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is known to be common in individuals of all ages, and it is expected that 50% of the world population has the infection. In contrast to industrialized countries, developing nations have a much lower overall rate of H. pylori infection prevalence. So, the percentage of people who are infected with H. pylori varies greatly from one country to another. CagA and VacA are two of the many virulence factors that may play an important role in the progression of an H. pylori infection. This study aimed to identify those virulence factors. Endoscopy patients had gastric biopsies obtained, and those biopsies were stored at a low temperature until the DNA extraction method was performed for PCR analysis. PCR was used to directly detect the Helicobacter pylori-based 16S ribosomal RNA gene as well as the CagA and VacA virulence genes. Of the 20 biopsies samples, all of them had the diagnosis gene 16SrRNA, for the VacA virulence gene was found in 90% (18/20), while the CagA virulence gene was found in 50% (10/20). According to the findings of our research, every single sample tested positive for H. pylori. And the VacA gene was more prevalent compared to the CagA gene. And the most positive results for the 16SrRNA gene were between the ages of 20-29 years old, while 80% of them were female. All patients that showed the CagA gene were females, while for the VacA gene, 77.8% of the patients were females.

Abstract: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most prevalent contagions world and apathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the leading bacterial cause of UTIs. The intensity of UTI reflects the infection strain's virulence profile, and the frequency of virulence factor expression is larger in more pathogenic strains.E.coli isolates were diagnosed based on cultural, biochemical tests and diagnosed with API 20 E, also using the polymerase chain reaction, In addition to molecular diagnosis to investigate the 16s rRNA gene and the virulence genes that enable it to cause urinary tract infection. Also isolates were examined for resistance to 8 antibiotics by using the disk diffusion method. The infection rate for E.coli was (46.66%,21/45) from women with UTIs. The current study showed that E.coli isolates have different antibiotic resistance include: Cefalothin 85.71%, trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole 80.95%, nalidixic acid 76.19%, norfloxacin 66.66% and Ciprofloxacin 52.38% but the bacteria's resistance to other antibiotics was mild included: gentamicin 28.57%, amikacin 23.80% and nitrofurantoin 14.28%.The results also showed the presence of the virulence genes were fimH and usp (92.85%), cnf-1 (28.57%) and ibeA (21.42%).This indicates that there is a common relationship between urinary tract infections, the virulence genes of E.coli and their resistance to antibiotics.

ABSTRACT Typhoid fever is brought about by Salmonella enterice serovar typhi, which is a significant general medical issue in many developing nations. The severity the pathogenesis depends on Salmonellaʼs possession of cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) and virulence factors such as fimbriae adhesions, which are important in the adherence, invasion and the development of typhoid fever, was as diagnosed serologically as well as diagnosis of Salmonella typhi causing these fever based on phenotypic and cultural characteristics. Therefore, the coding genes of CdtB protein and fimbriae were detected in molecular methods by PCR technique using special primers. while, the fim gene was 84.21% and CdtB gene was 100%. DNA sequencing was performed and this confirms the isolation obtained in our study. In addition, the phylogenetic tree was analyzed and registered at the gene bank site, where the sequence identity rate fim gene 99.26%, while sequence identity rate for CdtB gene was 99.31%.