Atyaf Sarhan Farhan

This study involved the preparation of thin films of lead sulphide compound with three different thicknesses (150, 250, and 350 Nm) using pure materials of lead sulphate compounds, lead nitrate solution, and thiourea solution. The films were created through thermochemical deposition at a temperature of 623 K. Laboratory tests were conducted to determine the characteristics of the membranes, including the crystalline nature derived from lead sulphide and the cubic type with a diffraction pattern (200). Additionally, the membranes were analysed using an atomic force microscope, which revealed a decrease in the average square root and surface roughness. The findings demonstrated a positive correlation between the thickness of the lead sulphide membrane and the optical energy gap. This research aimed to assist researchers in the field of thin films by providing insights into the crystalline properties of lead sulphide membranes. These membranes hold significant value in scientific research, reagent applications, and the production of solar cells.

In order to learn more about how the Nd: YAG laser affects enamel ,dentin, and pulp, Scholarly , articles were acquired from three distinct sources.in those study , the three tissues or a portion of them were exposed to the Nd:YAG radiation .beam of YAG laser, largely in vitro, and the results were later seen. The hardness and acid resistance The hardness and acid resistace of enamel increased, making the laser a realistic choice to offer some defense against tooth cavities. Moreover, the roughness increased. Some laser settings produced a surface that looked like glass. Surface alterations resembling acid etching were achieved by various lasing settings. Dentinal tubules were blocked and its permeability decreased. This could account for the decrease in dentin hypersensitivity following lasing. Both enamel and dentin developed cracks and microfissures as a result of prolonged exposure and increased beam energy. A study revealed that although the laser has been used to remove the smear layer from dentin, it may not be efficient. The pulp got pain relief brought on by laser. The laser demonstrated that it can enhance pulp local blood flow.

The gold nanoparticles were prepared. With ionic water laser ablation using an (Nd: Yag) laser with a wavelength of 532 nm and energy (90mJ) using three different laser pulses (300, 500, and 700), deionized liquid water was used. The crystalline nature has been studied through an X-ray diffraction device, and the results showed that gold nanomaterial has the cubic structure (FCC); As for the surface, terrain prepared. It was studied using an atomic force microscope. It was found that the increase in the number of laser pulses led to the rise in the large nanoparticles resulting from the agglomeration of small nanoparticles, thus increasing the average size of the NPS. As for the optical properties of colloidal gold nanoparticles, they were studied using the absorption spectra at wavelength range (300-1100) nanometer where an increase in absorbance was observed with a decrease in transmittance and an increase in the number of laser pulses, as well as a reduction of the value of the light energy gap.

The Medical imaging procedures that help radiologists diagnose and treat health conditions showed a clear and exact description of the structure changes. There are many devices, apparatus, and technologies used in the medical field, such as x-ray applications which include computed tomography (Ct) Scanner, Tuned Aperture Computed Tomography (Tact), Cone Beam Computed Tomography (Cone). Recent medical imaging technologies have been used in tooth disease diagnostics for treatment purposes. The New x-ray Techniques can detect dental diseases and determine any structure changes for therapeutic purposes. These technologies help reduce morbidity and mortality and improve the quality of life. Our review sheds light on modern and modern techniques in the applications of x-ray technology in dentistry. It sheds light on some details related to it, such as the uses of x-rays and the risks of radiation in adults and children and the components and types of devices that make up these rays, especially those used in dentistry, in addition to a historical overview starting from Before the discovery of Roentgen.

The golden nanoparticles were prepared by pulse laser ablation (PLA) by the liquid phase method. Lasers (Nd: Yag) (1064nm (80mJ) wavelength) are used in different pulses (200, 400, and 600), and deionized distilled liquid water (DDDW) is used The prepared nanomaterial was added by laser ablation and with three laser pulses to a peaceful blood sample, where the nanomaterial was added in different concentrations 2, 4, 5 ml to 1 ml of blood. A blood image was taken for each sample, where the total samples became 9 samples and compared with a sample of healthy blood. It was observed that the general observation of rates and in general of all components of blood tissues has decreased significantly and very dangerous and also frightening with increasing concentration of both nanomaterial’s and increased number of laser pulses per minute compared to normal rates and control sample readings

In the present work, synthesis gold nanoparticle by using laser ablation by using Q-switched Nd: YaG E=80mJ, ʎ=(1064)Nanometer for gold metal target in DDDW. Z-scan technique was used to study the non-liner optical properties, represented by non-liner refractive index and non-liner optical properties in this technique used CW diode laser (50mW,650nm) the results show that non liner refractive index negative (self-defocusing) and non-liner absorption coefficients two photo absorption (TPA).