Alaa Kamil Abdullah

Introduction: Psychosocial stress, particularly social isolation, is increasingly recognized as a potential factor influencing female infertility by disrupting hormonal balance and impairing the implant ability of the endometrium. Women who undergo major life transitions such as migration, displacement, or adaptation to new sociocultural environments show greater vulnerability to chronic stress, which can negatively impact reproductive function and contribute to delayed conception. To investigate the effect of social isolation on reproductive hormones and implantation-related gene expression in female rabbits, serving as a model for human psychosocial stress. Materials and Methods: Eighty healthy female rabbits (6–8 months old) were randomly assigned into two groups: the control group (n = 40), which received standard housing and care, and the stress group (n = 40), which was in complete social isolation for 14 days before and 14 days after mating. On day 7 post-mating, blood collection for hormone level measurement (FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone, and cortisol) was done using standard protocols of the ELISA technique. On the same day, a hysterectomy was performed on these two groups, and uterine tissues were collected for analysis of gene expression by real-time PCR analysis of three implantation-related genes including LIF, HOXA10, and Integrin β3. Results: Social isolation significantly reduced FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone levels while increasing cortisol (p<0.05). Gene expression analysis revealed significant downregulation of LIF (p = 0.000014), HOXA10 (p = 0.0145), and Integrin β3 (p = 0.0004) in the stress group compared to controls, indicating impaired uterine receptivity for implantation. Conclusions: It is concluded that chronic social isolation leads to hormonal imbalance and suppression of implantation-related gene expression, highlighting potential mechanisms for stress-related infertility and opening the door to clinical interventions targeting stress management to improve reproductive outcomes.

Abstract Background: Functional ovarian cysts (FOC) are one of the most common benign gynecological disorders among women of reproductive age. Despite their prevalence, the molecular mechanisms underlying their development, particularly the dynamics related to gene expression within uterine fluid, remain poorly understood. Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the mRNA expression levels of FSHR and LHR receptors in the uterine fluid of women with FOC and compare them with those of healthy women using RTqPCR.Methodology: A case-control study was conducted, including 22 women clinically diagnosed with FOC and 30 healthy women as control. Uterine fluids were collected during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle using a sterile catheter. RNA was extracted and converted to complementary DNA (cDNA), and the expression of target genes was measured using RT-qPCR, using the GAPDH gene as a reference gene. The difference was considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. Results: The results showed a significant decrease in FSHR receptor gene expression in the FOC group (0.179 ± 0.4939) compared to the control group (1.774 ± 0.4008), p < 0.05. A similar decrease in LHR receptor expression (0.1986 ± 0.4476) was also observed compared to healthy women (3.828 ± 0.3704), p < 0.05. Conclusion: Reduced gene expression of FSHR and LHR receptors in uterine fluids from women with FOC suggests a possible defect in local hormonal signaling, which may contribute to the formation of these cysts.

This study aims to determine the perfect time for semen collection after intra-testicular platelet-rich plasma to get good and improved semen. Twenty male New Zealand rabbits were used, about 10 to 12 months aged, which randomly divided into two equal groups; the control group and the PRP group which was enriched with 200 μl (4000 × 109 platelets/1 μl) single-dose by intra-testicular injection. The Laboratory analysis of all animals continued at four-time points (4thwk, 6thwk, 8thwk and 10thwk) by measuring the concentration of the Testosterone, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) in the seminal plasma by ELISA technique. Furthermore, the semen analyses which applied by the Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis (CASA) device. The findings of testosterone, VEGF levels and IGF-1 levels were significantly (p<0.01 & p<0.05) higher in the 4th wk and 6th wk in the PRP group vs. control group. Moreover, the PRP treatment significantly (p<0.01) increased the sperm parameters like concentration, total motility, progressive motility, hyperactivity, vitality and normal sperm morphology, especially after 8 to 10 weeks. The our research showed as the PRP intra-testicular injection can improve the testes' function after 8-10 weeks. This might lead to a novel possible treatment for oligoasthenoteratozoospermia.

The main purpose of this study was to detect B. melitensis in amniotic fluids of the pregnant ewes by ELISA and real time PCR, the investigated animals were divided into two groups, group A (n=36) have not abortion history and group B (n= 32) have a previous abortion history. The results of serum samples showed a positive reaction to ELISA for B. melitensis in both groups (A&B) were 19.45%, 37.5%, respectively, while in fetal fluid samples of qPCR result was 30.56% in group A and 56.25% in group B. In conclusion, the real time PCR technique can be successfully used for early diagnosis of B. melitensis by amniocentesis in both known previously aborted ewes as well as the unknown once.

through identifying SRY gene in the 10th to 15th weeks of pregnancy in the cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Blood samples were collected from 34 Arabian pregnant she camels. The positive PCR product bands that obtained 20/34 (58.82%) samples were positive ranges for the SRY and GABDH genes, which indicate male sex, and 14/34 samples (41.18 %) were positive ranges for only GABDH gene, which clearly showed female sex. The findings show that the sex of the fetus can be identified at a very early stage of gestation in Arabian she camel with high accuracy investigated were congruent with the actual gender of the offspring without need to re-examine again, as well as showed that fetal DNA can be reliably identified in pregnant female blood and can be used to identify certain genetic disorders.

One of the main problems in obstetrics is uterine prolapse in cattle. In this study, developed a new method of treating this case, by inserting rubber ball deep into a uterine horn of an animal suffering from uterine prolapse. When used this method, the prolapse was completely recovery in 15/18 cows. In conclusions the treated cows by Uterine Rubber Ball method, have a good prognosis, the technique has a low cost and easy to apply.

This study was to shed light on levels of testosterone and cortisol hormones in male dromedary camels during the mating time, by collection the blood samples using the manual method and compared with the remote-controlled blood sampling (RBS) method, to assess whether either these methods had affected changes in the concentration of the hormones or not. The blood samples were collected from fifteen adult male camels, via two experiment with one-day intervals: first experiment by manual method during three periods (pre-mating, mating, and post-mating) one hour between each period, and the second experiment by the RBS in the same protocol. The serum testosterone and cortisol concentrations of all animals were determined via ELISA technique. The result which appearance a significant difference in the mating time used RBS compared with manual method. These findings might be due to the withdrawal of blood remotely which could cause a reduction of excitement in animals using the manual blood sampling at the presence of veterinarians, so it was considered as an ideal method to measure hormonal concentrations, especially in experiments which need accurate results.

The impacts of hyperglycemia on some hematological and serum lipid parameters in rabbits during the seventy days were explored. The parameters assessed incorporate serum lipids, red and white platelet files. Fifty two local breed rabbits, weighing 1.7-2.2 kg was utilized in this study. The rabbits were divided equally into, diabetic group (26 rabbits) and a control group (26 rabbits). Each group in turn was subdivided equally according to gender into, male and female groups. The hyperglycemia was induced by a single injection of alloxan monohydrate at dose 100 mg /kg via the marginal ear vein. The blood samples were collected to assert fasting serum glucose and serum lipids, red and white platelet files in periods of 10, 30, 50 and 70 days. The outcomes display that the hyperglycemia affects both genders as the difference was mild in some parameters, especially with regard to lipid variables. A fundamentally diminished packed cell volume, RBCs, and WBCs count in diabetic groups. However, the hyperglycemia had a less considerable influence on MCH, MCHC and MCV. Moreover, the hyperglycemia extensively elevated total cholesterol and serum triacylglycerol levels in the serum whilst it possessed a less significant effect on serum HDL-cholesterol concentration when compared with control groups. In conclusion, the hyperglycemia may also have an impact on serum cholesterol concentration, although it adversely affects some hematological indices.

Background and Aims: The present study was conducted to assess the effect of ovarian function on the parathyroid gland in local breed bitches in the center of Al-Diwaniyah city, Iran. Materials and Methods: The experiment was carried out on 21 local breed female bitches aged 18 to 30 months housed in the small animal housing of the College of Veterinary Medicine. The animals were divided into three groups of seven each: G1, animals in estrus phase, G2, animals in anestrus phase, and G3, the ovariectomized group. After expressed consent of the owners, ovariectomy was performed immediately after anesthetization. Blood samples were collected to analyze the levels of estrogen, PTH, calcitonin, serum calcium, ionized calcium and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Results: Our results in respect of estrogen and PTH revealed a significant effect in G3 and G2 groups as compared with G1 group at p<0.01. The concentration of calcitonin recorded insignificant decrease in G3, 5.35 pg/mL, when compared with G1 which was 6.98 pg/mL. The lowest serum calcium level was recorded in group G3, 8.29 mg/dL, and highest in the group G1, 11.21 mg/dL. The lowest concentration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 was found in G3, 18.24 mg/dL, while the highest concentration was 39.56 mg/dL found in group G1. Conclusion: We conclude that decrease of estrogen levels leads to low calcium level, and then increase in the level of PTH in the blood. High level of calcium in the blood leads to increased secretion of calcitonin hormone from the thyroid gland, and calcitonin has no significant effect on the calcium regulation under normal conditions. A decrease in estrogen level leads to a low concentration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 followed by decrease of the concentration of ionized calcium.

Iraqi goats have a major economic role in production of meat, milk and leather as well as it considered a financial source for owners as reproduce twice a year, yet the Damascus goats have great importance than Iraqi goats owing to the number of twin births. The gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and its receptors have great importance in the reproduction and eugenics. To make a comparison between the Iraqi and Damascus goats in terms of this receptor gene expression in the ovaries and uterus tissue cells, the study was performed, in which used the (ΔCt Using a Reference Gene method) by quintitive -real time PCR technique. Results were found a significant difference (p<0.05), as the gene expression of (GnRH-R) higher in the ovaries and uterus tissue cells in Damascus goats compared with the Iraqi goats. In conclusion; the multiple pregnancies of twins in Damascus goats may be due to an increase gene expression of (GnRH-R) in the ovaries and uterus tissue.

The study area eight stations in southern Iraqi marshes in Missan governorate, and six stations were in Al-Qadisiya and Al-Najaf governorates, the southern Iraqi marsh was proper environment to culture of the riverine buffalo breed, yet the water buffalo which preferring the middle area [1], because the molecular information of the local buffalo in Iraq is very rare [2], the presence study selection is the improvement of yield of milk with the advances in molecular biology, the identification of the genes underlying by quantitative (rt-PCR) technique to possible efficient the prolactin (PRL-R) gene expression and to better understand the actions of mammary gland gene expression on milk production in two buffalo breeds in Iraq by determined levels of the PRL-R gene expression in somatic cells in the mammary gland by randomly milk samples of swamp and riverine buffalos during first medal and last lactation period, the results appeared showed high expression of PRL-Rgene in last lactation period of riverine buffalo than swamp buffalo breed, this gene may be have potential direct or indirect effect on milk production. The transcription levels of PRL-R gene in milk of swamp buffalo were found to be significantly down-regulated in first stage of lactation period, but its where up-regulated in second stage of this period, and significantly decreased this regulation in last period, while very down regulation in first stage of lactation of riverine buffalo and curved to a highly induced regulation in second and late lactation period.

The effect of castration on skeletal muscle development in awassi sheep were studied at the gene expressed for androgen receptor. The result showed that live weigh for epididymectomy rams was heavier than control and orchidectomy rams, respectively. There was significant difference (p < .05). By using the (2^ΔCT) with reference gene method, the findings documented that there was higher up-regulated in mRNA expression for androgen receptor in splenius muscles cells for epididymectomy rams compare with interact rams. In contrast, there was down-regulated for mRNA expression for androgen receptor cells for orchidectomy rams. In conclusion the continuous producing of testes hormones lead to growth of skeletal muscles of wether's significant increase the growth of skeletal muscles of wethers by epididymectomy companied with other rams

The present study was carried out to investigate the possible etiology and pathology of cystic ovarian follicles by determining the expression levels of mRNA for LH-r gene in follicular cells of dominant follicles in comparison with cystic ovarian follicles in Iraqi cows. This study were performed in two steps, firstly aspiration of follicular fluids from dominant follicles and cystic follicles and stored in (-20 ℃) until estradiol and progesterone assay, secondary section of the follicular wall in to two hemispheres, and stored at -70 ℃ to -80 ℃ to molecular study. The macroscopic examination of the ovaries revealed that the numbers of dominant follicles are [1] samples while cystic follicles were in [2] samples. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in the diameter of cystic ovarian follicles (37.56 ± 0.64 mm) compared with dominant follicles (19.93 ± 0.32 mm). Results of hormonal assay showed higher estradiol-17β (865.96±10.64 ng/ml) and progesterone (84.8±1.35 ng/ml) concentrations in follicular fluids of cystic ovarian follicles, which were significantly higher (P<0.05) in comparison with those of dominant follicles which were (314.39±2.55 ng/ml) and (50.25±1.57 ng/ml) respectively. Molecular study, to evaluate the relative quantification of LH-r gene in dominant and cystic follicular cells, has been done by extraction of the total RNA and assay its concentration from these cells, synthesis data of the complementary DNA (cDNA), that done by reverse transcription PCR (q-RT-PCR) technique, of target gene and compared of the gene expression in dominant and cystic follicular cells, the our results referred to down regulation of LH-r gene expression in follicular cells of the cystic ovarian follicles, that may be assistance to understand the etiology and pathology of this case (disease), thus the up-regulation of the this gene in cells of dominant follicles may explain the important role of the LH in ovulation mechanism and increasing follicular ovulation chance.

The cystic ovarian follicle are a serious cause of reproductive failure in cattle because they occur frequently and prolong the intervals from postpartum to first estrus and conception. The paired ovaries were collected from forty four slaughtered cow after examination by rectal palpation to diagnosis of the cystic follicle stricter, the local breeding cow were primarily Al- Genobea , Al-Kradea and Al- Shrabea cow , the age of its cow are (4-6) years but the reproductive status were unknown.The cysts follicle fluids contain high significantly of oestradiol and progesterone ( p <0·05) than the dominant follicle fluids.The histological characteristics of the dominant follicles (17-25 mm) are shown Small antral and have a granulosa cell layer and internal theca cell layer, but the cystic follicles which presented the large granulose cell layer, which was basically a poly-layer .Aim of this studies are comparison of the estradiole (E2) & progesterone (P4) concentrations in the follicular fluids of the dominant follicles and cystic follicles ,with studies of the histological change between the follicular walls.