ماجد كاظم عبود

Trichophyton interdigitale is a significant pathogen responsible for dermatophytosis, including tinea unguium & tinea pedis.A fungal genome contains numerous copies of ribosomal DNA (rDNA). (ITS) region can be used to analyze relationships between closely related taxa.The genetic variants of the ribosomal sequences were investigated to assess the pattern of biological diversity of three isolates (assigned S4, S6 and S7) collected in Karbala province.Our results indicated the exact identity of the amplified samples. Sequencing reactions indicated that the identity of S4, S6, and S7 samples was Trichophyton interdigitale. phylogenetic analyses also confirmed their positions within their corresponding clades accordingly.

Due to the frequent use of air conditioners in Iraq due to the hot weather, especially in the summer, and this is accompanied by the presence of many microorganisms in these devices, including fungi that may exist, grow and thrive on air filters and on other parts, and here the air conditioner becomes a source for the spread of fungal spores, some of which may cause various diseases for the human being the aim study included the isolation of some fungi from air conditioners which including 11 species belong to 10 genera: Aspergillus niger , Penicillium notatum ,Rhizopus stolinefer and Alternaria alternata with Frequency ratio (14.18, 14.42, 18.91, 16.31%) respectively, then Candida albicans, Cladosporium herbarum , Rhodotorula sp and Absidia with frequency ratio (4.01, 6.61, 10.16, 10.4%) as the two fungi found that they are the least visible, Trichophyton rubrum and Basidiobolus sp with ratio (0.94, 0.7) % respectively. Absidia and Basidiobolus, two fungi that cause black mold disease for Covid 19 patients. The traditional bracket air conditioners recorded the proportions and the largest number due to the fact that they contain a purification mechanism and their machines take the air directly from the surrounding environment followed by cars AC, while the means of isolation from split unit air conditioners came with the lowest isolation rate.

The current study included evaluates the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the Ipomoea carnea plant were used against dermatophytes isolated from school children in the city of Diwaniyah. The study showed the presence of many ringworms spread among children, and the most prevalent is tinea corporis with 33 (35). %) cases, followed by tinea cruris with 24 cases (26%). Males were the most susceptible to infection in most cases, with the exception of Tinea pedis, which was more common in females

The aim study included tested the effect of the alcoholic extract of the roots of the Conocarpus erectus plant at a concentration of 0, 5, 10, and 25% on a number of filamentous fungi including Penicillium notatum, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifer, Alternaria alternata, Curvularia lunata, Trichophyton rubrum by poisoning the nutritional medium, while the effect of the extract was measured on the dry weight in the liquid medium and on the percentage of spores germination and the length of the germ tube using slide culture technology. The results of the study showed the following: - The effect of the extract was varied on the fungi under study, but the greater effect was for concentration 25. As the radial growth rate was 0.0, 0.2, 0.0, 0.1, 0.3, and 5 cm for the fungi mentioned above, respectively, the dry weight was affected by the presence of the extract, especially the concentration of 25%. The effect was greater than the share of the fungus Trichophyton rubrum, it decreased significantly from 0.40 mg to 0.11 mg. The same applies to the percentage of spore germination and the length of the germ tube, which has been completely inhibited by the In the presence of the plant extract completely.

The aim of this study was to isolate fungi from soil and evaluate their ability to produce oxalic acid, then determine the most productive fungal isolate and the optimal conditions for acid production. All fungal isolates were oxalate producers, and the most efficient fungal species was A.niger, followed by A.flavus, then Rizoctonia solani with production rates of 4.05% , 3.54% , and 3.42% respectively , the rest isolates gave variable productivity. The optimum conditions for oxalate production were as follows ; (4%) sucrose as the best carbon source, (0.25%) ammonium sulfate as a best nitrogen source, (0.1%) hydrated magnesium sulfate as a best salt , (3%) which is equal to 1×106 spores/ml was the best inoculum size, the optimal pH value was equal to 6.5 , and 25°C represent an optimal temperature degree , for 7 days incubation period.

The water mold Saprolegnia parasitica is a chief species of oomycetes that affects a wide range of plant, natural ecosystems, fish and the aquaculture industry. The current study aimed to investigate the isolation and identification of some aquatic fungi like Saprolegnia spp. and also molecular characterization of Saprolegnia parasitica in the water of Al-Diwaniyah river of Iraq using the baiting method for isolation and PCR polymerase chain reaction for molecular diagnosis of fungi. A total of 60 samples were taken from three study sites of river: 25 samples of Al-Shafi’iah city bridge (Najaf road) as first site (S1); 25 samples of Hawly Al-Jamiah road bridge, Umm Al-Khail area, as second site (S2); and 10 samples of Al-Orouba bridge as the third site (S3). Molecular diagnosis was carried out by PCR examination using primers for the rDNA gene and its presence in Saprolegnia parasitica, as DNA was obtained at a concentration of 685.4-99.4 μg/μl and a purity of 1.92-1.8. The samples from the first site gave the highest number of 18 isolates (45%), followed by samples from the second site with 14 isolates (35%). The samples from the third site showed a number of 10 isolates (20%). The species S. parasitica was more visible during February 2020 with a number of 17 isolates, and less visible in April 2021, with a number of 3 isolates. In conclusion, the variation in the presence of the types of infectious aquatic fungi Saprolegnia spp. in the Al-Diwaniyah river of Iraq in different sites and months of 2021 showed a high percentage of isolates for Al-Shafi’iah city bridge (Najaf road) site and the highest number of Saprolegnia parasitica in February 2020. There is a need for further examination of oomycetes in different sites of rivers of Iraq in different months.

This study included isolation of Basidobolus ranrum and Epidermophyton floccosum from dust particles by diluted dust with distil water and culture on sabroude dextrose agar and potato dextrose agar, the two fungi diagnosed according to the shape and color of colonies on plates, also the shape of spores and hypha under microscope. DNA was extracted and amplified, then it was migrated on an agarose gel using the gene 18SrRNA. The results showed The two samples contained bands for Basidobolus ranarum and Epidermophyton floccosum The sequencing technique was used for the diagnosed isolates after the completion of the PCR examination and the results of the examination were sent to Macrogen Company in South Korea to sequence the nitrogenous bases and compared with the fungi sequences recorded in the NCBI Genebank website using MEGA10 program to draw the genetic tree of the fungus Basidobolus ranarum and Epidermophyton floccosum The results of the genetic tree analysis showed a similarity between the fungi with the species recorded on the Gene bank website, And the fungus Basidobolus ranarum was the closest similarity to the African isolate MW127174.1 Basidiobolus sp. South Africa, the fungus Epidermophyton floccosum was the closest similarity to the Chinese isolate EF631604.1 Epidermophyton floccosum China. Also the virulence factors of the two fungi tested and the results show that the proteinase, phospholipase and lipase enzymes were secreted from both fungi.

The current study touched on the gecko animal as it is present in most of our homes and may be a carrier of some pathogenic fungi as it comes into contact with food waste and dirt and transports it to us, which may cause serious diseases. The study involved collecting twenty different gecko of different ages and randomly from the homes, then the fungi were isolated by the direct isolation method on the SDA medium from the hands, legs, guilt, mouth and abdomen. The results showed that the fungi have shown differences in number and percentage. The most common fungi were Aspergillus niger and it appeared 12 times and formed a percentage of 40% in when the two fungi Rhizopus stolonifer and Penicillium digitatum came in the second sequence and with 6 isolation times, they formed a ratio of 20% each, while the remaining fungi, Alternaria alternata and Chrysosporium anamorph came to isolate only twice and formed a ratio of 6.6% each. Discs diffusion method showed that the use of three antifungal agents in the study, Itraconazole, Ketoconazole, Fluconazole and three concentrations are 0.5, 1, 1.5. The results showed a clear superiority of the itraconazole followed by the Ketoconazole and finally came the antifungal Fuconazole. The MIC Itraconazole was the lowest valuable followed by Ketoconazole and finally Fluconazole.

The aim of this study was to select cheaper and high yielding alternative medium, like rice husk filtrate, for oxalic acid production by A.niger fungus, in comparison to other culture media that have been used including, Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA), and Sabouraud Dextrose Broth (SDB). The results showed that the highest percentage of oxalic acid production happens with rice husk filtrate medium, when its productivity was (12.02%), and reached (15.56 %), when rice husk filtrate was used as a solvent for (SDB) powder. It was followed by (SDB) medium, with a production rate of (5.06), then (SDA) with a production rate of (4.94), and (PDA) which gave the lowest production rate (3.67%)

Forty two specimens were gathered from patients suffering from different fungal diseases and from different areas of the body including skin, hair, nails and mouth. Five types of fungi were isolated and diagnosed, namely T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, M. canis, A.niger and C.albicans. By using the comb method, drug sensitivity for the isolated fungal species was tested and the test included fifteen type of antibiotics: Ciprofloxacin,Meropenem,Azithromycin,Levofloxacin,Cefepime,Erythromycin,Linezolid,Cli ndamycin,Rifampicin,Streptomycin,Ceftazidime,Colistin,Nalidixic acid,Cefuroximeand Amikacin. The results showed that Erythromycin and Ciprofloxacin were the most inhibiting antagonists of T. mentagrophytes , whereas Erythromycin, Meropenem and Ciprofloxacin had the highest effect against T. rubrum. Meropenem, from another hand, showed its inhibitory activity against M. canis , while Azithromycin had the greatest frustration effect on C.albicans yeast and with clear inhibitory diameters. A. niger did not show sensitivity to any antibiotic. The lowest inhibitory concentration of Erythromycin was determined against T. mentagrophytes and M. canis with its value (0.15 and 0.31). The lowest inhibitory concentration of Nalidixic acid for T. rubrum was 0.15 mg / ml, whereas the minimum inhibitory concentration value for Azithromycin for C.albicans was 0.31 mg / ml.

The cultural optimum conditions for oxalic acid production from two fungi isolates viz. Aspergillus niger and A. flavus were studied by, including carbon, nitrogen source, salts and pH. The results showed that the molasses can be used as a carbon source of the acid production and its best concentration was 5.6 for both isolates, while the best nitrogen source was the ammonium sulphate with production of 24.1 and 21.3g/l for both fungi, respectively. Based on the results, KH2PO4 0.1+MgSO4.7H2O 0.05% was the best compound for production. pH value with higher mount of acid production was 6.5.

Iraqis diabetic populace as often as possible presents mycosis on the ground hyperkeratosis; in any case, in one more sort of onychomycosise as the ones that is accepted C. albicans and A. nigar and A. Flavus are the causal operator, it is obscure the recurrence, the pervasiveness and if one more Candida species or different yeasts are institute. What's more, this ailment its treatment with the numerous materials. What's more, we in the present investigation analyzed between three disinfectants materials, and three antifungal and SNPs NPs materials. An observed, clear and transversal examination was made on 100 patients, from which one nail test of every one was acquired, charity to confine and distinguish dermatophytes and yeasts; the outcomes were factually related with 24 epidemiological parameters. Onychomycosise were brought about by in one more sort of onychomycosis as the ones that is expected C. albicans and A. nigar and A. Flavus and unidentified yeasts. The outcomes in the presents study when thought about of the affected of cleaning agents materials, antifungal and SNPs NPs materials we found the NPs its dynamic than more the germicides materials and antifungal.

The present study aimed at identifying the fungi that accompany sinusitis patients and the possibility of controlling them using antifungal agents. Methods: Seventy eight swabs were taken from patients with sinusitis to the Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital for the period from November 2012 to April 2013 for the purpose of isolating and diagnosing the fungi associated with sinusitis and testing their susceptibility to the antifungal agents In a disc method and minimum inhibitory concentration. Results: The fungus Aspergillus sp was the first fungus in terms of the number of isolates and the percentage of its frequency in sinus patients, as the isolates was 14 isolates, representing 31.8%, penicillium spp in the second ,the percentage was 18.18% from 8 isolates of the total number of fungi, the fungus Cladosporium sp and B.dermatitidis came third in terms of the number of isolates and the percentage of the emergence where they appeared 11.36% form five isolates of the total isolates, while Ttichophyton sp and Alternaria sp came fourth and were followed by Ulocladium sp, Rhizopus sp, Mucor sp, Trouulpsis sp, Bipolaris sp, Rhodotorula sp, Pacilomyces sp and Geotrichum sp. Antibiotic sensitivity test by disc method showed a significant difference in inhibiting of growth of Penicillium sp by the antifungal ketoconazole with an inhibitory capacity of 36 mm. The antifngal Econazole 30 mm and nystatin 28 mm. Aspergillus sp, Econazole and Nystatin were the most effective in inhibiting of its growth. The same applies to the rest of the isolated fungi. Econazole and Nystatin are superior to the rest of the antifungal a​g​e

Fungalysin MEP 1-5 is a group of genes that encode protease enzymes in skin fungi. Since proteins make up a large part of the weight of mammals represented by collagen, elastin and keratin, accounting for 25% of the weight of mammals. In addition, there are other proteins on the skin are the pillars of the work of protease enzymes; Endoprotease and Exoprotease, which are working to break down protein which is the source of carbon and nitrogen necessary for the growth of these fungi. The aim of current study was to confirm the presence of MEP4 of the Fungalysin gene family in isolates of skin fungal infections. Method: The study was conducted on isolated samples of primary school students under the age of 16 and included collection of samples from different areas of head palpitations, flexion of the body, hip flexor, mandrel, fingernail and foot band. The fungal infections were distinguished from other conditions such as eczema and hypersensitivity. Several samples were prepared to detect the presence of one MEP1-5 gene (fungalysins) using a known sequence of the 2000bp molecular weight MEP4 gene. After obtaining a primer, a real-time PCR scan was conducted to investigate the differences between the different isolates and their relationship to the virulence of species. The SDA and cycloheximide were used to prevent the growth of fungal fungi and chloramphenicol to prevent the growth of bacteria. The isolates were isolated and phenotypic isolates were included. Trichophyton ssp, Microsporium sp, Epdermophytoni sp analyzed data statistically, and analyzed real-time PCR melting curve. Results: The real-time analysis indicated that 59.25% of isolates did not show the gene expression of this gene, while 40.74% showed expression of MEP 4 gene.

In this work, the effect of silver nanoparticles synthesized by Saprolegnia parasitica was investigated against.Staphylococcus.aureus, Proteus mirabilis, E.coli, Trichophyton.rubrum and Candida albicans, The formation of the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was initially confirmed by the UV-Visible Spectroscopy. As well as using SEM, UVVisible analysis showed a strong peak at 428 nm, the SEM images of the biosynthesized SNPs showed spherical shape with a particle size in the 37 nm range. The results of the study showed that the concentration of 150 microliters of SNPs solution was the most concentration for inhibition when it used as an antimicrobial against (E. coli, S.aureus, P.mirabilis, (T.rubrum).

The study included a survey of the fungal pollutants prevalent in the libraries of the University of Qadisiyah. The study included the Central Library and the Library of the Faculty of Science, Education, Literature, Veterinary Medicine, Law, Administration and Economics. For the purpose of study swabs were taking from Books on the library shelves. Wipes were cultured on the Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) medium and incubated at 25 ° C for one week to observe and diagnose growth. The results showed that there was contamination in the books in the libraries mentioned above. The Faculty of Science library was the most polluted, followed by the Central Library. The dominant fungi were Aspergillus, followed by Pnicillium, Rhizopus, Alternara and Fusarium. The effect of antiseptics on this isolated exhibited in the libraries mentioned above was examined by using Formalin, Dettol, Hydrex, Povidon and Povidon-Iodine. The results shows that there is a danger to the workers and those who return to the libraries, which confirms the existence of an urgent need to prevent the danger of these fungi and find effective solutions.

The study includes collect (70) samples of skin and their components were collected randomly and (50) positive samples of nematode fungus were isolated. T. rubrum (25) gave a positive sample which formed half of the nematode fungus and was distributed between skin, hair and nails (7, 8, and 10) isolate respectively. The results of the study included testing of the hair hole that gave a negative result, and the test of urea degradation. The results were negative or heterogeneous between the isolates. The growth test on the center of the PDA was positive, while the production of the Chlamydiaspores was rare in this fungus. The virulence factors that enable the fungus to penetrate host tissues were studied during leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) and subtilin family (1-7) (SUB). It was observed that there were no significant differences in gene isolates of T. rubrum at significant level 5 Where the SUB4 gene recorded the highest percentage by 90% while the SUB6 gene recorded the lowest percentage by 30%.

The current study was aimed to identify the gene expression (GE) of virulence factors (VFs), aflatoxin (Af), metalloprotease (MP) and serine protease (SP), in Aspergillus (flavus and niger) associated with the diabetic foot in Nasiriyah City, Iraq. According to that, swab samples were collected from 167 diabetic foot patients attended the Diabetes and Endocrinology Center, Al-Nasiriyah City, Iraq. The samples were cultivated in a Lab for obtaining the pure isolates of the Aspergillus species. Then, 10 isolates from each fungus were exposed to nucleic acid-based techniques, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identify the presence of A. (flavus and niger) in the purified isolates and real time-quantitative (RT-q) PCR to evaluate the GE of the VFs in A. (flavus and niger) isolates using specific primers that targeted 18S rRNA gene (ITS1) region and specific regions of the VF genes respectively. The results of the PCR showed the positive identity of the A. (flavus and niger) in the samples. Moreover, the findings of the RT-qPCR revealed the GE of the Af, MP, and SP genes in A. (flavus and niger) with significant (p<0.05) higher GE in the SP gene in the A. flavus and significant (p<0.05) higher GE in the MP and SP genes in the A. niger. The current study indicates the current presence of the Af, MP and SP-encoding A. (flavus and niger) in the samples collected from the diabetic foot patients in Al-Nasiriyah city, Iraq.

This study included the isolation and identification of fungi from used clothes, then studying the virulence factors of Aspergillusterreus, which are the ability to adhesive, ability to dissolve blood, production of proteolytic enzymes (lipase and phospholipase), and the ability to produce aflatoxin. The drug sensitivity of A. terreuswas tested using antibiotics. The results of the study showed the presence of fungal contamination in the isolated used clothes, where Aspergillus was superior in all types of clothes, and A.niger 24 isolates (24%) had the highest percentage, followed by A.flavus at 10%, and Paecilomyceslilacinus with a percentage of ( 8%) and one isolate for each of the following fungi: Monoascuspurpureus , A. fumigatus, Alternaria solani, Pythium aphanidermatum, Monilia fructicola, A. terreus, Trichophyton mentagrophte, Scopulariopsisbrumptii, Acremonium kiliense, Cuninghamella echinulate, P. digitatum, Cladosporium sphaerospermum, Mucor racemosus, Aureobasidium pullulans, Rhizoctonia oryzae, Rhizopus stolonifera ,three isolateseach A. fumigatus, Fonsecaeapedrosoi,fiveisolates of Penicillium notatum, P.italicum, C. herbarum and C. cladosporides, seven isolates with a percentage of (7%). The virulence factors of A. terreus were studied, and the results of the study showed the ability to adhere to the epithelial cells by 20%, with regard to the ability to dissolve blood, which showed positive results, as the type of lysis was alpha, and it had the ability to produce protease enzyme, as the diameter of the lysis zone reached Approximately 21.8 mm, lipase, which reached a breakdown area of about 17.22 mm, and phospholipase enzyme, which reached a breakdown area of about 6.6 mm, and it was unable to produce aflatoxin. The antifungal sensitivity of A. terreus was tested using antifungals, where the antifungal Miconazole proved effective in inhibiting the growth of the fungus at a rate of 22.1 mm, and the fungus was resistant to the two antibiotics, Ketoconazole and Nystatine.