This preprint presents a phase-anchored Gaussian decomposition approach for characterizing bilateral in-shoe plantar-loading waveforms during the final plant of the volleyball spike jump. Nineteen of the twenty participants were better represented by a double-Gaussian model, with a median R² of 0.966. The findings demonstrate that phase anchoring provides a compact representation of the temporal organization of plantar loading. This is a preprint and has not yet been peer reviewed by a journal. The manuscript is currently under consideration at Sports Engineering.
Artificial Intelligence for Markerless Motion Analysis in Sports Biomechanics: A Systematic Review of Validation Studies, Current Challenges, and Future Directions
SportRxiv
Vol. 1
Issue 1
N/A
2026
Artificial Intelligence for Markerless Motion Analysis in Sports Biomechanics: A Systematic Review of Validation Studies, Current Challenges, and Future Directions
Preprint, Version 1. This manuscript has not undergone peer review. DOI: 10.51224/SportRxiv.1015. Artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted markerless motion analysis is rapidly emerging as a complementary approach to conventional laboratory-based motion capture in sports biomechanics. By using computer vision, deep learning, and automated pose-estimation techniques, markerless systems can facilitate non-invasive and potentially more accessible assessment of human movement. However, their validity varies according to the technology, movement task, anatomical region, biomechanical outcome, and reference standard used for comparison.
Curve Characteristics of Biomechanical Variable Functions and Their Impact on Physical Dimensions Analysis for the Blocking Skill in Volleyball
Journal DAMU of Sports Science
Vol. 2
Issue 4
693-709
2025
Curve Characteristics of Biomechanical Variable Functions and Their Impact on Physical Dimensions Analysis for the Blocking Skill in Volleyball
Ahmed Abdulameer Abdulradha Shubbar, Ali Abdul Amir Al-Hasnawi
This study examined the functional characteristics of biomechanical variable curves and their role in analyzing the physical dimensions of the volleyball blocking skill. Using a descriptive correlational design and video-based biomechanical analysis, the study evaluated body linear velocity, hip height, movement time, and technical performance. The findings showed similar functional-curve patterns across the analyzed variables and highlighted the value of dividing technical performance into distinct movement phases for more accurate biomechanical assessment and training design. Keywords: biomechanical variable curves, biomechanical analysis, physical dimensions, blocking skill, volleyball.
The Impact of the Biomechanical Characteristics of Combined Offensive Skill Performance Speed on the Shooting Accuracy Index in Junior Handball Players
Journal DAMU of Sports Science
Vol. 2
Issue 4
676-689
2025
The Impact of the Biomechanical Characteristics of Combined Offensive Skill Performance Speed on the Shooting Accuracy Index in Junior Handball Players
Ahmed Abdulameer Abdulradha Shubbar, Ali Abdul Amir Al-Hasnawi
This study examined the biomechanical characteristics associated with the speed of combined offensive skill performance and their relationship with shooting accuracy among junior handball players. It focuses on linking biomechanical performance indicators with accuracy outcomes to support objective performance evaluation and evidence-based training design. Keywords: biomechanics, combined offensive skills, performance speed, shooting accuracy, junior handball players.
The Effect of Special Exercises on the Electrical Activity of the Muscles Involved in the Skill of Hitting a Volleyball Smash
Racin International Journal for Sports Activity Studies and Motor Science
Vol. 5
Issue 1
23 pages
2024
The Effect of Special Exercises on the Electrical Activity of the Muscles Involved in the Skill of Hitting a Volleyball Smash
Ahmed Abdulameer Abdulradha Shubbar, Ahmed Radhi Habib
Racin International Journal for Sports Activity Studies and Motor Science
5
1
23 pages
Mohamed Boudiaf University, Learning and Motor Control Laboratory
The effect of special exercises for antagonistic muscle action according to joint angles on some biomechanical variables and electrical activity of the muscle for the skill of spiking volleyball
The effect of special exercises for antagonistic muscle action according to joint angles on some biomechanical variables and electrical activity of the muscle for the skill of spiking volleyball
Alia Hamid Abdel Abbas, Ahmed Abdulameer Abdulradha Shubbar
This research aims to identify the effect of special exercises for antagonistic muscle action according to joint angles on biomechanical variables and muscle electrical activity (EMG) for the spiking skill in volleyball.
Designing a Biomechanical Model Using Artificial Neural Networks for the Effectiveness of Offensive Block for the Center Player in Volleyball
International Sports Science Journal
Vol. 5
Issue 10
5-26
2023
Designing a Biomechanical Model Using Artificial Neural Networks for the Effectiveness of Offensive Block for the Center Player in Volleyball
Ibrahim Khalil Ibrahim, Ahmed Abdulameer Abdulradha Shubbar
This study developed a biomechanical model using artificial neural networks to evaluate the effectiveness of offensive blocking by middle blockers in volleyball. Biomechanical variables were measured using high-speed video and motion-analysis technologies, and neural-network models were constructed to classify performance and predict the most influential variables. DOI: 10.71377/6pryj945. Keywords: biomechanical model, artificial neural networks, offensive block, middle blocker, volleyball.
An Electronic Device for Testing the Accuracy of High Spikes (Straight and Diagonal) in Volleyball
Central Organization for Standardization and Quality Control – Patent No. 6841
Vol. 1
Issue 1
0
2021
An Electronic Device for Testing the Accuracy of High Spikes (Straight and Diagonal) in Volleyball
Ahmed Abdulameer Abdulradha Shubbar, Mohammed Faiz Sahib, Amer Musa Abbas Hassan Alfazaa
Central Organization for Standardization and Quality Control – Patent No. 6841
1
1
0
Central Organization for Standardization and Quality Control – Patent No. 6841
Designing a Training Program Based on Information Technology Software for Essential Scientific Research Skills and Its Effect on the Shoulder Stand Skill in Gymnastics
Designing a Training Program Based on Information Technology Software for Essential Scientific Research Skills and Its Effect on the Shoulder Stand Skill in Gymnastics
Hassanein Ali Kadhim Shaki; Ahmed Abdulameer Abdulradha Shubbar
This study designed a training program based on information technology software to develop essential scientific research skills and examined its effect on learning and improving the shoulder stand skill in gymnastics. The program integrated electronic and face-to-face learning approaches to enhance the effectiveness of the training process and skill performance.
Mechanical Analysis of the Demographic Variables According to the Dynafoot3 System in the Specific Playing Position (2) and the Performance Level of the Volleyball Spike
Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development
Vol. 11
Issue 7
1
2020
Mechanical Analysis of the Demographic Variables According to the Dynafoot3 System in the Specific Playing Position (2) and the Performance Level of the Volleyball Spike
Ibrahim Khalil Ibrahim; Ahmed Abdulameer Abdulradha Shubbar
Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development
This study conducted a mechanical analysis of plantar-loading variables recorded using the Dynafoot3 system in volleyball players specializing in playing position 2. It examined the relationship between foot-loading characteristics and the performance level of the volleyball spike.
Linear Kinetic Curve Characteristics of Movement Dimensions and Their Effect on the Motor Performance of the Sitting Volleyball Spike from Position 2
This study examined the linear kinetic curve characteristics of movement dimensions during the sitting volleyball spike performed from position 2. It investigated the contribution of linear kinetic variables to completing the motor task and improving the biomechanical execution of the spiking skill.
Circular Kinetic Curve Characteristics of Movement Dimensions and Their Effect on the Motor Performance of the Sitting Volleyball Spike from Position 4
Circular Kinetic Curve Characteristics of Movement Dimensions and Their Effect on the Motor Performance of the Sitting Volleyball Spike from Position 4
Mohammed Faiz Sahib; Ahmed Abdulameer Abdulradha Shubbar
This study examined the circular kinetic curve characteristics of movement dimensions during the sitting volleyball spike performed from position 4. It investigated how circular kinetic variables contribute to completing the motor task and improving the biomechanical execution of the spiking skill.
The Distribution of Dynamic Forces and Their Effect on the Graph Curve of the Foot Regions Between the Play Centers (2 and 4) for the Skill of Spiking in Volleyball
Modern Sport
Vol. 18
Issue 3
331-344
2019
The Distribution of Dynamic Forces and Their Effect on the Graph Curve of the Foot Regions Between the Play Centers (2 and 4) for the Skill of Spiking in Volleyball
Bushra Kadhim Abdul-Ridha, Ahmed Abdulameer Abdulradha Shubbar, Barakat Abdul-Hamza Hamad
This study investigated the distribution of dynamic forces across the right and left foot regions during volleyball spiking from playing positions 2 and 4. Plantar-loading data were collected using the Dynafoot 3 system to examine force-distribution curves and their relationship with skill performance. The findings demonstrate the importance of advanced in-shoe force measurement for identifying biomechanical factors affecting volleyball performance. DOI: 10.54702/2708-3454.1152. Keywords: dynamic forces, plantar loading, Dynafoot, volleyball spike, playing positions.
Mechanical Structure of Engineering Systems According to the Dynafoot 3 System and Its Effect on Static Functions of Specialized Performance Positions of the Spike Hit in Volleyball
University of Al-Qadisiyah Research Repository
Vol. 1
Issue 1
1
2019
Mechanical Structure of Engineering Systems According to the Dynafoot 3 System and Its Effect on Static Functions of Specialized Performance Positions of the Spike Hit in Volleyball
Mohammed Abdullah Muhaibes, Ahmed Abdulameer Abdulradha Shubbar
This study investigated the mechanical structure of engineering systems using the Dynafoot 3 system and examined its effect on static functions during specialized volleyball spike performance from playing positions 1 and 2. The study analyzed plantar-pressure variables, force distribution, contact duration, and selected biomechanical performance indicators among specialized volleyball players.
An Analytical Study of the Circular Kinetics Function Using the Biosyn System During the Main Phase of Direct Free-Kick Scoring in Football
This study analyzed the circular kinetics function using the Biosyn System during the main phase of direct free-kick scoring in football. Ten players specializing in direct free kicks from Iraqi Premier League clubs were examined to identify the kinetic characteristics and force moments of different body segments during performance.
An Analytical Study of the Linear Kinetics Function Using the Biosyn System During the Main Phase of Direct Free-Kick Scoring in Football
This study analyzed the linear kinetics function using the Biosyn System during the main phase of direct free-kick scoring in football. Ten players specializing in direct free kicks from Iraqi Premier League clubs were examined. The results demonstrated a coordinated progression of linear kinetic forces across body segments during the main performance phase.
The Kinematic Path Based on Biomechanical Functions and Its Relationship with the Straight Serve Skill in Tennis Players
This study investigated the kinematic path based on biomechanical functions and its relationship with straight-serve performance in tennis players. It examined the biomechanical characteristics of the movement path and their association with the technical execution of the straight tennis serve.
The Effect of Vertical and Lateral Analysis of Force–Time Function Characteristics on the Volleyball Blocking Skill
This study examines the vertical and lateral characteristics of the force–time function during the volleyball blocking skill. It focuses on analyzing force–time behavior and its biomechanical relevance to blocking performance.
The Dynamic Structure of Speed–Time Curve Characteristics in Constructing Movement Models for the Phases of the Volleyball Spike Skill
Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani, Part B – Humanities
Vol. 19
Issue 4
369-382
2018
The Dynamic Structure of Speed–Time Curve Characteristics in Constructing Movement Models for the Phases of the Volleyball Spike Skill
Ahmed Abdulameer Abdulradha Shubbar, Barakat Abdul-Hamza Hamad
This study analyzed the dynamic characteristics of the speed–time curve across the technical phases of the volleyball spike. It examined how biomechanical laws governing balance, acceleration, energy transfer, take-off, flight, momentum transfer, and landing contribute to constructing movement models of skilled performance. DOI: 10.17656/jzsb.10667. Keywords: biomechanics, volleyball spike, speed–time curve, movement model, dynamic analysis.
Mechanical Rehabilitation According to the Range of Motion of the Sternomastoid and Trapezius Muscles in Terms of Electrical Activity in Women with Neck Pain
Journal of Studies and Researches of Sport Education
Vol. 1
Issue 51
195-209
2017
Mechanical Rehabilitation According to the Range of Motion of the Sternomastoid and Trapezius Muscles in Terms of Electrical Activity in Women with Neck Pain
Ahmed Abdulameer Abdulradha Shubbar
Journal of Studies and Researches of Sport Education
1
51
195-209
Journal of Studies and Researches of Sport Education
This experimental study examined the effect of a mechanical rehabilitation exercise program on the range of motion and electromyographic activity of the sternomastoid and trapezius muscles in women with neck pain. The findings indicated that rehabilitative exercises contributed to improving cervical range of motion, reducing neck pain, and producing favorable changes in muscle electrical activity. Keywords: mechanical rehabilitation, range of motion, electromyography, sternomastoid, trapezius, neck pain.
Characteristics of Scan Foot Curves Using the Zebris Gait Analysis System for Biokinematic Variables During Moving Volleyball Blocks from Positions 2 and 4
Journal of Physical Education
Vol. 28
Issue 1
405-429
2016
Characteristics of Scan Foot Curves Using the Zebris Gait Analysis System for Biokinematic Variables During Moving Volleyball Blocks from Positions 2 and 4
This experimental study investigated the effects of special exercises designed according to key biomechanical variables on the straight and diagonal volleyball spike. Twelve youth players from Al-Daghara Sports Club were divided into experimental and control groups. Biomechanical analysis was used to evaluate changes across the technical phases of the skill. The findings indicated that the specialized exercise program improved biomechanical variables and technical performance in both types of spike. Keywords: biomechanics, special exercises, volleyball spike, straight spike, diagonal spike, performance analysis.
The Effect of Biomechanical Analysis on Increasing Speed According to Centrifugal Force Across Different Sections of the 200 m Curve
The Swedish Journal of Scientific Research
Vol. 2
Issue 3
50-54
2015
The Effect of Biomechanical Analysis on Increasing Speed According to Centrifugal Force Across Different Sections of the 200 m Curve
This study examined the biomechanical variables associated with increasing running speed and centrifugal force across different sections of the 200 m curve. Four University of Al-Qadisiyah runners performed trials in lanes 2, 4, 6, and 8. The analysis considered stride length, stride frequency, joint angles, body inclination, centrifugal force, flight time, curve-running time, speed, and performance. The results showed that changes in curve radius and centrifugal force required corresponding mechanical adjustments in body inclination and running technique. Keywords: biomechanical analysis, increasing speed, centrifugal force, 200 m sprint, curve running.
The Effect of Special Exercises To Develop Explosive Power and Mechanical Performance Skills of the Arm Seemed To Be Aimed Javelin
Journal of Advanced Social Research
Vol. 3
Issue 3
93–112
2013
The Effect of Special Exercises To Develop Explosive Power and Mechanical Performance Skills of the Arm Seemed To Be Aimed Javelin
This experimental study examined the effects of special biomechanically based exercises on upper-limb explosive power, technical performance, and achievement in javelin throwing. The results indicated improvements in the measured biomechanical variables and skill-performance level following the training programme.
Biomechanical Characteristics of Upper-Extremity Anthropometric Measurements and Their Effect on Javelin-Throw Achievement in Women with Disabilities Across Different Medical Categories
Biomechanical Characteristics of Upper-Extremity Anthropometric Measurements and Their Effect on Javelin-Throw Achievement in Women with Disabilities Across Different Medical Categories
Hussein Mardan Omer, Basman AbdAlwhab Albyati, Ahmed Abdulameer Abdulradha Shubbar
Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Physical Education Sciences
13
2
289-304
Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Physical Education Sciences
This study examined selected biomechanical characteristics and upper-extremity anthropometric measurements and their relationships with javelin-throw achievement among women with disabilities from different medical classifications. A descriptive correlational design was used to analyze anthropometric, kinematic, and performance variables.
The Effect of Special Exercises on Developing Lower-Limb Explosive Power Mechanics and Skill Performance of Middle Blockers in Volleyball
This study investigated the effects of special exercises on developing lower-limb explosive power mechanics and improving the skill performance of volleyball middle blockers. The exercises were designed to enhance the biomechanical and technical requirements of blocking performance.
An Analytical Study of the Libero’s Defensive Performance Level and Its Effect on the Ranking of Iraqi Volleyball League Clubs
This analytical study examined the defensive performance level of volleyball liberos and its relationship with the ranking of clubs participating in the Iraqi Volleyball League. The study focused on serve reception and court-defense performance using a descriptive correlational approach.
The Effect of the Mechanics of the Preparatory Phase (Crossover and Cross-Step Approach) to Reach the Fastest and Highest Point when Performing the Volleyball Blocking Skill
Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Science Of Physical Education
Vol. 11
Issue 1
377-408
2010
The Effect of the Mechanics of the Preparatory Phase (Crossover and Cross-Step Approach) to Reach the Fastest and Highest Point when Performing the Volleyball Blocking Skill
Ahmed Abdulameer Abdulradha Shubbar
Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Science Of Physical Education
A study examining the mechanics of crossover and cross-step approaches during the preparatory phase to achieve peak height and speed in volleyball blocking skill performance.
Emotional response and its relationship to the concept of cohesion among senior volleyball players
Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Science Of Physical Education
Vol. 10
Issue 1
15-32
2010
Emotional response and its relationship to the concept of cohesion among senior volleyball players
Ahmed Abdulameer Abdulradha Shubbar
Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Science Of Physical Education
A psychological study analyzing the emotional response and its relationship to team cohesion among senior volleyball players.
Neuromuscular coordination and the accuracy of smash serve methods and their relationship to the ranking of premier league volleyball teams in the Middle Euphrates region
Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Science Of Physical Education
Vol. 9
Issue 2
41-55
2009
Neuromuscular coordination and the accuracy of smash serve methods and their relationship to the ranking of premier league volleyball teams in the Middle Euphrates region
Ahmed Abdulameer Abdulradha Shubbar
Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Science Of Physical Education
9
2
41-55
Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Science Of Physical Education
A study analyzing neuromuscular coordination and the accuracy of smash serve methods and their relation to team ranking among premier league volleyball teams in the Middle Euphrates region.
The Effect of Special Exercises Based on Selected Biomechanical Variables on Developing Front and Back Spike Performance in Youth Volleyball Players
University of Babylon – Doctoral Dissertation
Vol. 1
Issue 1
0
2008
The Effect of Special Exercises Based on Selected Biomechanical Variables on Developing Front and Back Spike Performance in Youth Volleyball Players
This doctoral dissertation investigated the effects of special exercises designed according to selected biomechanical variables on developing front and back spike performance in youth volleyball players. It examined the biomechanical characteristics of spike performance and evaluated the effectiveness of the proposed training programme.
The Effect of a Futsal Educational Curriculum on Developing Selected Basic Skills among Third-Year Female Students at the College of Physical Education
The Effect of a Futsal Educational Curriculum on Developing Selected Basic Skills among Third-Year Female Students at the College of Physical Education
Hussam Saeed Al-Mumin, Ihab Dakhil Hussein, Ahmed Abdulameer Abdulradha Shubbar
This study investigated the effect of a proposed futsal educational curriculum on developing selected basic skills among third-year female students at the College of Physical Education. The curriculum was designed to improve skill learning and technical performance through structured educational units.
Some Biomechanical Variables for Determining the Optimal Ready Position for Defensive Skills and Their Relationship with Performance Accuracy in Volleyball
University of Al-Qadisiyah – Master’s Thesis
Vol. 1
Issue 1
0
2005
Some Biomechanical Variables for Determining the Optimal Ready Position for Defensive Skills and Their Relationship with Performance Accuracy in Volleyball
This master’s thesis investigated selected biomechanical variables to determine the optimal ready position for performing defensive volleyball skills. It also examined the relationships between biomechanical characteristics, body positioning, and defensive performance accuracy.
